Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of salep species grown in different regions of Turkey on the rheological and microstructural properties of ice cream mix and the thermal and sensory properties of ice cream. For this purpose, ten different types of salep grown in different regions (Mersin, Yozgat, Muğla, Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Van, Muş) in the natural microflora of Turkey were used in a formulation of an ice cream mix. The flow behavior, frequency sweep, and 3-ITT rheological properties of ice cream mixes were studied. All samples showed shear thinning, viscoelastic solid-like, and recoverable character. The K and n values for the ice cream mixes were determined as 0.03-35.08 Pasn and 0.33-0.80, respectively, and significantly differed according to salep varieties (p < 0.05). The zeta potential values of ice cream mix samples ranged from -25.87 mV to -33.95 mV and were significantly affected by salep varieties (p < 0.05). The use of different salep varieties significantly affected the thermal properties of ice cream such as freezing point temperature (Tf), temperature range (ΔT), and enthalpy of fusion (ΔHf). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the use of different salep varieties can significantly affect the rheological, thermal, and sensory properties of ice cream, and the selection of salep varieties may be vital for the desired quality of ice cream.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the potential use of cold-pressed pomegranate seed oil by-product (PGOB) and grape seed oil by-product (GOB) as a natural antioxidant in a salad dressing. Firstly, bioactive compounds from oil by-product were extracted and powdered by spray drier to produced grape seed oil by-product powder (GOBP) and pomegranate seed oil by-product powder (PGOBP). This study was the first attempt to evaluate the oxidative stability of the salad dressing by OXITEST at 90, 100, and 110 °C, and at 6 bar (the oxygen pressure). The samples enriched by GOB (3.22-26.76h) and PGOB (2.49-24.76h) showed high IP compared to control samples (0.43-8.82 h). The oxidation rate was modeled by zero, first and second-order kinetic models, and the oxidation kinetics constant (k) value estimated. PGOBP and GOBP significantly reduced k value. The activation enthalpy (ΔH++), activation entropy (ΔS++) and activation energy (Ea) were 69.78-101.93 kJ/mol, 59.55-81.07 J/mol and (-18.36)-(-83.37) J/mol respectively. The ΔG++ of the control, PGOBP and GOBP enriched samples were 87.36-88.10 Kj/mol, 88.65-91.61 Kj/mol, and 88.14-91.48 kJ/mol respectively. This study suggests that PGOBP and GOBP could be used as a natural antioxidant source for salad dressings.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the physicochemical and rheological characterization of Rocket seed gum (RSG) as a plant-based natural gum. Moisture, ash, protein, monosaccharide composition, and pH value were determined. Mannose and galactose were the main monosaccharides with a ratio of (mannose/galactose) 1.52. The absorptions at wavenumber 2855 cm-1 and 2922 cm-1 indicate the presence of galactose and arabinose. RSG showed shear-thinning flow behavior at all concentrations. The K value of the RSG ranged between 0.24 and 6.31 Pa.sn and significantly increased with increased gum concentration. Hysteresis area was found 11.53-183.23 and increased with increasing gum concentration. The percentage recovery for the G′ was significantly affected by gum concentrations and found as 42.54-81.20. RSG showed a solid-like structure, the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G′′) in all frequency range. G′ and G′′ value increased with increased RSG concentration. The physicochemical and rheological characterization indicated that RSG could be evaluated as thickeners and gelling agents in the food industry.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the potential use of anthocyanin of Berberis crataegina DC. as a natural food coloring agent in the food industry. For this aim, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was performed to extract anthocyanin of Berberis crataegina DC. The effect of ultrasound power (X1: 20-100%), extraction temperature (X2: 20-60 °C), and time (X3: 10-20 min) on TPC and TAC of Berberis crataegina DC. extracts were examined and optimized by applying the Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) with the response surface methodology (RSM). The influence of three independent variables and their combinatorial interactions on TPC and TAC were investigated by the quadratic models (R2: 0.9638&0.9892 and adj R2:0.9171&0.9654, respectively). The optimum conditions were determined as the amplitude level of 98%, the temperature of 57.41 °C, and extraction time of 13.86 min. The main anthocyanin compounds were identified, namely, Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, Petunidin-3-O-glucoside, Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, and Peonidin-3-O-glucoside. The anthocyanin degradation showed first-order kinetic, degradation rate constant (k), the half-life values (t1/2), and loss (%) were significantly affected by different temperatures (P < 0.05). Higher degradation (k) in anthocyanin content was observed at 90 °C. This study suggested that UAE is an efficient method for the extraction of TPC and TAC from Berberis crataegina DC.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of press temperature on physicochemical properties, fatty acid, sterol, phenolic composition, in-vitro cytotoxicity assay, and anti-inflammatory activity of pumpkin seed oil. For this aim, the oils obtained at 100 °C (PSO2) and 150 °C (PSO3) press temperature were compared with the cold press oil (PSO1). The application of press temperature at 150 °C caused a significant decrease in the amount of sterol, while the press application at 100 °C did not cause a significant change in the sterol composition. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity values, and individual phenolic content of PSO2 and PSO3 samples were significantly lower than those of PSO1. 30 mg/mL of PSO1, PSO2, and PSO3 samples exhibited a cytotoxic effect on the cells with an inhibition ratio of 75%, 48%, and 39%, respectively, indicating that press temperature reduced the cytotoxic effect of pumpkin seed oil. PSO1 showed anti-inflammatory activity ranged from 79% to 59%, while at the same concentrations PSO2 and PSO3 exhibited approximately from 58% to 49%. This study indicated that the bioactive properties of the cold press oil could be negatively affected by higher press temperature.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the drying kinetic, total bioactive content, in-vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds, and color and microstructural properties of pomegranate arils. Drying methods significantly affected all selected parameters of dried pomegranate arils (P<0.05). Freeze-drying (FD) showed higher bioactive compounds, lower shrinkage, and better color quality than those of other samples. Ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying (UAVD) showed lower drying times, lower shrinkage, and higher bioactive compounds than vacuum drying (VD) and hot air drying (HAD). The ABTS, CUPRAC, and DPPH results were 34.53-63.71 μmol TE/g, 29.70-61.60 μmol TE/g and 64.82-93.69% DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, the highest values of antioxidant capacity for all methods were obtained from the samples dried with FD followed by UAVD, VD, and HAD. The recovery of TPC in dried and fresh samples changed from 2.58% (fresh pomegranate) to 10.32% (vacuum-dried pomegranate). The recovery of TPC for freeze-dried samples (2.62%) was closest to the fresh ones and VD showed the highest TPC recovery. This study suggested that UAVD and VD should be used as alternative methods to HAD due to higher bioactive compounds retention, better color and surface quality, and higher recovery of bioactive compounds.

Abstract This study aimed to determine optimum conditions of the ultrasound assited extraction (UAS) parameters for different solvent types by using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box- Behnken design. The model parameters namely, time, temperature and ultrasound power significantly affected TPC value of the propolis extract (P < 0.05). The optimum process parameters were determined as 2.95 min, 58.61 °C and 615.26 W for ethanol, 3 min, 60°C and 580 W for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3 min, 59 °C and 591 W for Propylene glycol (PG) and 2.70 min, 59.19 °C and 591.73 W for distilled water (DW). The extracts obtained from optimum conditions were compared with conventional solvent extraction methods (CSE). The chrysin was determined as a major phenolic compound and its value significantly differed based on the extraction and solvent types (P < 0.05). This study suggested that the ethanolic extracts obtained from UAS could be used as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant source.